STUDY ON CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COAL AND BIOMASS BLEND AND THE TENDENCY OF ITS ASH DEPOSITION
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30556/imj.Vol24.No2.2021.1242Keywords:
biomass, proximate, ultimate, slagging, foulingAbstract
A coal and biomasses of empty fruit bunch (EFB), mesocarp fiber (MF) and palm kernel shell (PKS) were characterized in terms of its proximate, ultimate, calorific value and ash chemical composition. Ash fusion temperature (AFT) was carried out on coal and biomass blends with a composition in weight % of 95-5; 90-10 and 85-15. The coal used in this research has high calorific value of 6,106 cal/g. Results indicate that based on the AFT, the coal-biomass blends at some composition shows a medium tendency to ash deposition. While based on the chemical composition, generally the coal-biomass blends have a low tendency to slagging but have a high tendency to fouling. Coal-biomass blend at the coal composition of 85 wt% and PKS of 15 wt% (85-15) is recommended to be applied. The less the coal is used, the less the CO2 emission, so it is expected to reduce the GHG significantly.References
Adeleke, A. A., Odusote, J. K., Ikubanni, P. P., Lasode, O. A., Malathi, M. and Paswan, D. (2020) ‘The ignitability, fuel ratio and ash fusion temperatures of torrefied woody biomass’, Heliyon. Elsevier, 6(3), p. e03582. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03582.
ASTM D1857-04 (2013) ‘Standard test method for fusibility of coal and coke ash’, in Annual Book of ASTM Standards. West Conshohocken: ASTM International.
Awalludin, M. F., Sulaiman, O., Hashim, R. and Nadhari, W. N. A. W. (2015) ‘An overview of the oil palm industry in Malaysia and its waste utilization through thermochemical conversion, specifically via liquefaction’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Pergamon, 50, pp. 1469–1484. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.05.085.
Azman, I. (2014) ‘The impact of palm oil mills’ capacity on technical efficiency of palm oil millers in Malaysia’, Oil Palm Industry Economic Journal, 14(1), pp. 34–41.
Bhattacharya, A. and Datta, A. (2013) ‘Effects of supplementary biomass firing on the performance of combined cycle power generation: A comparison between NGCC and IGCC plants’, Biomass and Bioenergy. Pergamon, 54, pp. 239–249. doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.04.008.
Brewer, C. E., Chuang, V. J., Masiello, C. A., Gonnermann, H., Gao, X., Dugan, B., Driver, L. E., Panzacchi, P., Zygourakis, K. and Davies, C. A. (2014) ‘New approaches to measuring biochar density and porosity’, Biomass and Bioenergy. Pergamon, 66, pp. 176–185. doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.03.059.
Clark, R., Zucker, N. and Urpelainen, J. (2020) ‘The future of coal-fired power generation in Southeast Asia’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Pergamon, 121, p. 109650. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2019.109650.
Dai, J., Sokhansanj, S., Grace, J. R., Bi, X., Lim, C. J. and Melin, S. (2008) ‘Overview and some issues related to co-firing biomass and coal’, The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 86(3), pp. 367–386. doi: 10.1002/cjce.20052.
Foong, S. Z. Y., Andiappan, V., Tan, R. and Ng, D. K. S. (2019) ‘Optimization and analysis for palm oil mill operations via input-output optimization model’, MATEC Web of Conferences. Edited by A. Orbecido et al. EDP Sciences, 268, p. 02006. doi: 10.1051/matecconf/201926802006.
Garcia-Maraver, A., Mata-Sanchez, J., Carpio, M. and Perez-Jimenez, J. A. (2017) ‘Critical review of predictive coefficients for biomass ash deposition tendency’, Journal of the Energy Institute. Elsevier, 90(2), pp. 214–228. doi: 10.1016/j.joei.2016.02.002.
Garcia-Maraver, A. and Perez-Jimenez, J. A. (eds) (2015) Biomass pelletization: Standards and production. Southampton, Boston: WIT Press.
Hambali, E. and Rivai, M. (2017) ‘The Potential of Palm Oil Waste Biomass in Indonesia in 2020 and 2030’, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. IOP Publishing, 65(1), p. 012050. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/65/1/012050.
He, X., Liu, Z., Niu, W., Yang, L., Zhou, T., Qin, D., Niu, Z. and Yuan, Q. (2018) ‘Effects of pyrolysis temperature on the physicochemical properties of gas and biochar obtained from pyrolysis of crop residues’, Energy. Pergamon, 143, pp. 746–756. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2017.11.062.
Holtmeyer, M. L., Li, G., Kumfer, B. M., Li, S. and Axelbaum, R. L. (2013) ‘The impact of biomass cofiring on volatile flame length’, Energy & Fuels. American Chemical Society, 27(12), pp. 7762–7771. doi: 10.1021/ef4013505.
Kleinhans, U., Wieland, C., Frandsen, F. J. and Spliethoff, H. (2018) ‘Ash formation and deposition in coal and biomass fired combustion systems: Progress and challenges in the field of ash particle sticking and rebound behavior’, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science. Pergamon Press, 68, pp. 65–168. doi: 10.1016/j.pecs.2018.02.001.
Kramanandita, R., Bantacut, T., Romli, M. and Makmoen, M. (2014) ‘Utilizations of palm oil mills wastes as source of energy and water in the production process of crude palm oil’, Chemistry and Material Research, 6(8), pp. 46–53.
Kurniawan, M. P., Guritno, A. D., Purwantana, B. and Supartono, W. (2020) ‘Production cost approach and material flow cost accounting as a step towards increasing responsibility, efficiency, and sustainability (RES): the case of palm oil mill in Banten Indonesia’, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. IOP Publishing, 425(1), p. 012042. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/425/1/012042.
Lachman, J., Baláš, M., Lisý, M., Lisá, H., Milčák, P. and Elbl, P. (2021) ‘An overview of slagging and fouling indicators and their applicability to biomass fuels’, Fuel Processing Technology. Elsevier, 217, p. 106804. doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2021.106804.
Madanayake, B. N., Gan, S., Eastwick, C. and Ng, H. K. (2017) ‘Biomass as an energy source in coal co-firing and its feasibility enhancement via pre-treatment techniques’, Fuel Processing Technology, 159, pp. 287–305. doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2017.01.029.
Mierzwa-Hersztek, M., Gondek, K., Jewiarz, M. and Dziedzic, K. (2019) ‘Assessment of energy parameters of biomass and biochars, leachability of heavy metals and phytotoxicity of their ashes’, Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management. Springer, 21(4), pp. 786–800. doi: 10.1007/s10163-019-00832-6.
Mun, T.-Y., Tumsa, T. Z., Lee, U. and Yang, W. (2016) ‘Performance evaluation of co-firing various kinds of biomass with low rank coals in a 500 MWe coal-fired power plant’, Energy, 115, pp. 954–962. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2016.09.060.
Ninduangdee, P. and Kuprianov, V. I. (2016) ‘A study on combustion of oil palm empty fruit bunch in a fluidized bed using alternative bed materials: Performance, emissions, and time-domain changes in the bed condition’, Applied Energy. Elsevier, 176, pp. 34–48. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.05.063.
Qi, X., Song, G., Song, W., Yang, S. and Lu, Q. (2018) ‘Combustion performance and slagging characteristics during co-combustion of Zhundong coal and sludge’, Journal of the Energy Institute. Elsevier, 91(3), pp. 397–410. doi: 10.1016/j.joei.2017.02.002.
Rao, Z., Zhao, Y., Huang, C., Duan, C. and He, J. (2015) ‘Recent developments in drying and dewatering for low rank coals’, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 46, pp. 1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.pecs.2014.09.001.
Rizvi, T., Xing, P., Pourkashanian, M., Darvell, L. I., Jones, J. M. and Nimmo, W. (2015) ‘Prediction of biomass ash fusion behaviour by the use of detailed characterisation methods coupled with thermodynamic analysis’, Fuel. Elsevier, 141, pp. 275–284. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2014.10.021.
Sadiku, N. A., Oluyege, A. O. and Sadiku, I. B. (2016) ‘Analysis of the calorific and fuel value index of bamboo as a source of renewable biomass feedstock for energy generation in Nigeria’, Lignocellulose, 5(1), pp. 34–49.
Singh, Y. D., Mahanta, P. and Bora, U. (2017) ‘Comprehensive characterization of lignocellulosic biomass through proximate, ultimate and compositional analysis for bioenergy production’, Renewable Energy. Pergamon, 103, pp. 490–500. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2016.11.039.
Song, G., Qi, X., Song, W. and Yang, S. (2017) ‘Slagging and fouling of Zhundong coal at different air equivalence ratios in circulating fluidized bed’, Fuel. Elsevier, 205, pp. 46–59. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2017.05.065.
Song, W. J., Tang, L. H., Zhu, X. D., Wu, Y. Q., Zhu, Z. B. and Koyama, S. (2010) ‘Effect of coal ash composition on ash fusion temperatures †’, Energy & Fuels, 24(1), pp. 182–189. doi: 10.1021/ef900537m.
Speight, J. G. (2005) Handbook of coal analysis, Handbook of Coal Analysis. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. doi: 10.1002/0471718513.
Teixeira, P., Lopes, H., Gulyurtlu, I., Lapa, N. and Abelha, P. (2012) ‘Evaluation of slagging and fouling tendency during biomass co-firing with coal in a fluidized bed’, Biomass and Bioenergy. Pergamon, 39, pp. 192–203. doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.01.010.
Tripathi, M., Sahu, J. N. and Ganesan, P. (2016) ‘Effect of process parameters on production of biochar from biomass waste through pyrolysis: A review’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Pergamon, 55, pp. 467–481. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.122.
Tsai, C.-H., Tsai, W.-T., Liu, S.-C. and Lin, Y.-Q. (2018) ‘Thermochemical characterization of biochar from cocoa pod husk prepared at low pyrolysis temperature’, Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. Springer Verlag, 8(2), pp. 237–243. doi: 10.1007/s13399-017-0259-5.
Umar, D. F., Monika, I. and Handoko, S. (2021) ‘TG-DSC investigation of co-combustion characteristics of blends sawdust and coal’, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 749(1), p. 012016. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/749/1/012016.
Vassilev, S. V., Baxter, D., Andersen, L. K. and Vassileva, C. G. (2013) ‘An overview of the composition and application of biomass ash. Part 1. Phase–mineral and chemical composition and classification’, Fuel. Elsevier, 105, pp. 40–76. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2012.09.041.
Vassilev, S. V., Vassileva, C. G. and Vassilev, V. S. (2015) ‘Advantages and disadvantages of composition and properties of biomass in comparison with coal: An overview’, Fuel. Elsevier, 158, pp. 330–350. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2015.05.050.
Yu, L. Y., Wang, L. W. and Li, P. S. (2014) ‘Study on prediction models of biomass ash softening temperature based on ash composition’, Journal of the Energy Institute. Elsevier, 87(3), pp. 215–219. doi: 10.1016/j.joei.2014.03.011.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Indonesian Mining Journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public to supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
