COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF ROCK SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS USING GENERALIZED ANISOTROPIC AND JOINT NETWORK
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30556/imj.Vol28.No1.2025.1548Keywords:
slope stability, limit equilibrium method, finite element method, anisotropy, jointed rock massesAbstract
Rock slope stability analysis in a geotechnical study is an important issue in mining engineering. Kinematic analysis is a well-known method to determine potential failures of the rock slope based on structural orientations, but it sometimes disregards the structural properties information. Structural properties are often known as the highly interpreted domains in rock slope engineering; thus, simplification was made for the analysis. Simplification may lead to vague conditions of analysis and reduce its accuracy. Therefore, the aims of this research is to assess the effect of rock structure properties such as heterogeneity, discontinuity, and anisotropic properties of the rock mass. The assessment conducted using the limit-equilibrium method employed the Generalized Anisotropic (GA) material model were compared with finite element method (FEM) using the shear strength reduction (SSR) method employing the joint network rock mass model. The analysis results show that an actual rock slope with a generalized anisotropic material model in the LEM analysis and joint network material model in the FEM analysis is stable with Safety Factor > 1, and the maximum strain model is less than the minimum strain threshold (maximum strain < 0.1). Combining rock slope stability analysis methods aims to produce accurate and representative results regarding the rock mass' condition. This research improves the interpretation of rock slope stability analyses, resulting in a more accurate estimation of the factor of safety (FOS).
References
Akbar, W.N. and Wiyono, B. (2023) ‘Evaluation of rock slope using q-slope, limit equilibrium and failure probability at andesite mine of Sidomulyo Village’, Indonesian Mining Journal, 26(1), pp. 1–17. Available at: https://doi.org/10.30556/imj.Vol26.No1.2023.1329.
Amadei, B. and Stephansson, O. (1997) Rock stress and its measurement. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5346-1.
Ambrose, J. (2014) Failure of anisotropic shales under triaxial stress conditions. Imperial College London. Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.25560/19270.
Ayob, M., Kasa, A., Sulaiman, M.S., Miniandi, N.D. and Yusoff, A.H. (2019) ‘Slope stability evaluations using limit equilibrium and finite element methods’, International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 28(18), pp. 27–43.
Bar, N. and Barton, N. (2017) ‘The Q-Slope method for rock slope engineering’, Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 50(12), pp. 3307–3322. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-017-1305-0.
Bar, N. and McQuillan, A. (2018) ‘3D limit equilibrium slope stability analysis for anisotropic and faulted rock masses in australian coal and iron ore mines’, in ARMS10: 10th Asian Rock Mechanics Symposium. Singapore: OnePetro, p. ISRM-ARMS10-2018-127.
Bar, N., Yacoub, T.E. and McQuillan, A. (2019) ‘Analysis of a large open pit mine in Western Australia using finite element and limit equilibrium methods’, in ARMA 53rd US Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. New York: OnePetro, p. ARMA-2019-0030.
Coetsee, S., Armstrong, R. and Terbrugge, P. (2020) ‘The use of strain threshold in slope stability trigger action response plans’, in Proceedings of the 2020 International Symposium on Slope Stability in Open Pit Mining and Civil Engineering. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, pp. 339–352. Available at: https://doi.org/10.36487/ACG_repo/2025_18.
Deji, C. (1999) ‘Engineering geological problems in the Three Gorges Project on the Yangtze, China’, Engineering Geology, 51(3), pp. 183–193. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(98)00035-0.
Duncan, J.M., Wright, S.G. and Brandon, T.L. (2014) Soil strength and slope stability. 2nd edn. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dwinagara, B., Akbar, W.N., Saptono, S., Haryanto, D., Haq, S.R. and Prabandaru, P.D. (2024) ‘Back analysis of rainfall-induced waste dump failure using coupled hydro-mechanical analysis – A case study in coal mine’, International Journal of GEOMATE, 27(123), pp. 54–64. Available at: https://doi.org/10.21660/2024.123.4618.
Dwinagara, B., Prabandaru, P.D., Wiyono, B., Lusantono, O.W., Dewi, R.M., Rekinagara, I.H. and Haq, S.R. (2021) ‘Effects of geomechanical properties on materials adhesivity’, International Journal of GEOMATE, 21(84), pp. 129–136. Available at:
https://doi.org/10.21660/2021.84.j2118.
Griffiths, D. V. and Lane, P.A. (2001) ‘Slope stability analysis by finite elements’, Géotechnique, 51(7), pp. 653–654. Available at:
https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.51.7.653.51390.
Hoek, E. (2023) Practical rock engineering. RocScience.
Hoek, E., Carter, T.G. and Diederichs, M.S. (2013) ‘Quantification of the geological strength index chart’, in the 47th US Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. San Francisco: A, p. ARMA 13-672.
Hudson, J.A., Cornet, F.H. and Christiansson, R. (2003) ‘ISRM Suggested Methods for rock stress estimation—Part 1: Strategy for rock stress estimation’, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 40(7–8), pp. 991–998. Available at:
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2003.07.011.
Jing, L. and Hudson, J.A. (2002) ‘Numerical methods in rock mechanics’, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 39(4), pp. 409–427. Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(02)00065-5.
Kliche, C.A. (2018) Rock slope stability. 2nd edn. Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration.
Lu, R., Wei, W., Shang, K. and Jing, X. (2020) ‘Stability analysis of jointed rock slope by strength reduction technique considering ubiquitous joint model’, Advances in Civil Engineering, 2020(1), p. 822080. Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8862243.
Mebrahtu, T.K., Heinze, T., Wohnlich, S. and Alber, M. (2022) ‘Slope stability analysis of deep-seated landslides using limit equilibrium and finite element methods in Debre Sina area, Ethiopia’, Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 81, p. 403. Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-022-02906-6.
Nagendran, S.K. and Ismail, M.A.M. (2021) ‘Probabilistic and sensitivity analysis of rock slope using anisotropic material models for planar failures’, Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 39, pp. 1979–1995. Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-020-01600-2.
Narimani, S., Davarpanah, S.M., Bar, N., Török, Á. and Vásárhelyi, B. (2023) ‘Geological strength index relationships with the Q-system and Q-slope’, Sustainability, 15(14), p. 11233. Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/su151411233.
Newcomen, W. and Dick, G. (2016) ‘An update to the strain-based approach to pit wall failure prediction, and a justification for slope monitoring’, Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 116(5), pp. 379–385. Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n5a3.
RocScience, Inc. (2016) ‘Critical Slipe Surface Search Methods’. www.rocscience.com, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Rocscience (2023) RS2 joint analysis verification manuals. Rocscience Inc.
Saptono, S., Wiyono, B. and Dewi, A. (2014) ‘The effect of filled discontinuity to shear strength parameter of tuff’, in 8th Asian Rock Mechanics Symposium. Sapporo: OnePetro, p. ISRM-ARMS8-2014-023.
Sari, M. (2019) ‘Stability analysis of cut slopes using empirical, kinematical, numerical and limit equilibrium methods: case of old Jeddah–Mecca road (Saudi Arabia)’, Environmental Earth Sciences, 78(621). Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8573-9.
Snowden (2007) ‘Proposal for Additional Features in SLIDE and SWEDGE’, unpublished memorandum to Rocscience, 5th April 2007.
Van Bemmelen, R.W. (1949) The geology of Indonesia. The Hague: V.F.A. Government Printing Office.
Wyllie, D.C. (2018) Rock slope engineering: Civil applications. New York: CRC Press.
Wang, X. Chen, Z. and Jia, Z. (1998) ‘Joint mapping and its applications’. unpublished report, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research.
Zhang, L. (2016) Engineering properties of rocks. Arizona: Butterworth-Heinemann. Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/C2014-0-02645-7.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Indonesian Mining Journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public to supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
